{"id":1189,"date":"2025-10-06T11:02:59","date_gmt":"2025-10-06T09:02:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/lesson\/4-the-gut-brain-axis-and-its-role-in-mental-health\/"},"modified":"2026-01-07T14:37:16","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T13:37:16","slug":"4-the-gut-brain-axis-and-its-role-in-mental-health","status":"publish","type":"lesson","link":"https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/pl\/lesson\/4-the-gut-brain-axis-and-its-role-in-mental-health\/","title":{"rendered":"4. O\u015b jelitowo-m\u00f3zgowa i jej rola w zdrowiu psychicznym, w tym zmiany w mikrobiocie wywo\u0142ane diet\u0105 w zaburzeniach psychiatrycznych"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"sensei-content-description\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a22b4ddf alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c7acd585\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><em><strong>Czym s\u0105 emocje?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Emocje to kr\u00f3tkotrwa\u0142e reakcje organizmu na r\u00f3\u017cne sytuacje, kt\u00f3re pomagaj\u0105 nam reagowa\u0107 na otaczaj\u0105cy nas \u015bwiat. Pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 automatycznie i cz\u0119sto nie mamy nad nimi pe\u0142nej kontroli. Emocje mog\u0105 by\u0107 wyzwalane przez zdarzenia zewn\u0119trzne (np. rozmow\u0119 z kim\u015b, sytuacj\u0119 w szkole) lub do\u015bwiadczenia wewn\u0119trzne (np. wspomnienia, my\u015bli).   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-fbc85549\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"sensei-block-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-sensei-lms-lesson-actions\"><div class=\"sensei-buttons-container\">\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ady emocji:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-ef942f19 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c752ea11\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-info-box uagb-block-a1efcf6c uagb-infobox__content-wrap  uagb-infobox-icon-above-title uagb-infobox-image-valign-top\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-content\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-icon-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM164.1 325.5C158.3 318.8 148.2 318.1 141.5 323.9C134.8 329.7 134.1 339.8 139.9 346.5C162.1 372.1 200.9 400 255.1 400C311.1 400 349.8 372.1 372.1 346.5C377.9 339.8 377.2 329.7 370.5 323.9C363.8 318.1 353.7 318.8 347.9 325.5C329.9 346.2 299.4 368 255.1 368C212.6 368 182 346.2 164.1 325.5H164.1zM176.4 176C158.7 176 144.4 190.3 144.4 208C144.4 225.7 158.7 240 176.4 240C194 240 208.4 225.7 208.4 208C208.4 190.3 194 176 176.4 176zM336.4 240C354 240 368.4 225.7 368.4 208C368.4 190.3 354 176 336.4 176C318.7 176 304.4 190.3 304.4 208C304.4 225.7 318.7 240 336.4 240z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-title-wrap\"><h3 class=\"uagb-ifb-title\">RADO\u015a\u0106<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-separator\"><\/div><p class=\"uagb-ifb-desc\">na przyk\u0142ad, gdy dostaniemy prezent od kogo\u015b bliskiego.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-8afb48c3\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-info-box uagb-block-c07427ad uagb-infobox__content-wrap  uagb-infobox-icon-above-title uagb-infobox-image-valign-top wp-block-uagb-info-box--has-margin\"><div class=\"uagb-infobox-margin-wrapper\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-content\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-icon-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM399.3 360H344V400H352C375.8 400 395.5 382.7 399.3 360zM352 304H344V344H399.3C395.5 321.3 375.8 304 352 304zM328 344V304H264V344H328zM328 400V360H264V400H328zM184 304V344H248V304H184zM184 360V400H248V360H184zM168 344V304H160C136.2 304 116.5 321.3 112.7 344H168zM168 400V360H112.7C116.5 382.7 136.2 400 160 400H168zM176.4 176C158.7 176 144.4 190.3 144.4 208C144.4 225.7 158.7 240 176.4 240C194 240 208.4 225.7 208.4 208C208.4 190.3 194 176 176.4 176zM336.4 240C354 240 368.4 225.7 368.4 208C368.4 190.3 354 176 336.4 176C318.7 176 304.4 190.3 304.4 208C304.4 225.7 318.7 240 336.4 240z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-title-wrap\"><h3 class=\"uagb-ifb-title\">STRACH<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-separator\"><\/div><p class=\"uagb-ifb-desc\">na przyk\u0142ad, gdy idziemy ciemn\u0105 ulic\u0105 i s\u0142yszymy nieznane kroki.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a00414cf\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-info-box uagb-block-18cab8f4 uagb-infobox__content-wrap  uagb-infobox-icon-above-title uagb-infobox-image-valign-top\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-content\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-icon-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M352 493.4C322.4 505.4 289.9 512 256 512C222.1 512 189.6 505.4 160 493.4V288C160 279.2 152.8 272 144 272C135.2 272 128 279.2 128 288V477.8C51.48 433.5 0 350.8 0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 350.8 460.5 433.5 384 477.8V288C384 279.2 376.8 272 368 272C359.2 272 352 279.2 352 288V493.4zM217.6 236.8C224.7 231.5 226.1 221.5 220.8 214.4C190.4 173.9 129.6 173.9 99.2 214.4C93.9 221.5 95.33 231.5 102.4 236.8C109.5 242.1 119.5 240.7 124.8 233.6C142.4 210.1 177.6 210.1 195.2 233.6C200.5 240.7 210.5 242.1 217.6 236.8zM316.8 233.6C334.4 210.1 369.6 210.1 387.2 233.6C392.5 240.7 402.5 242.1 409.6 236.8C416.7 231.5 418.1 221.5 412.8 214.4C382.4 173.9 321.6 173.9 291.2 214.4C285.9 221.5 287.3 231.5 294.4 236.8C301.5 242.1 311.5 240.7 316.8 233.6zM208 368C208 394.5 229.5 416 256 416C282.5 416 304 394.5 304 368V336C304 309.5 282.5 288 256 288C229.5 288 208 309.5 208 336V368z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-title-wrap\"><h3 class=\"uagb-ifb-title\">SMUTNY<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-separator\"><\/div><p class=\"uagb-ifb-desc\">na przyk\u0142ad, gdy nie zdamy wa\u017cnego egzaminu.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-d4daff67\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-info-box uagb-block-e19f4d77 uagb-infobox__content-wrap  uagb-infobox-icon-above-title uagb-infobox-image-valign-top\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-content\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-icon-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M0 256C0 114.6 114.6 0 256 0C397.4 0 512 114.6 512 256C512 397.4 397.4 512 256 512C114.6 512 0 397.4 0 256zM138.3 364.1C132.2 375.8 128 388.4 128 400C128 405.2 130.6 410.2 134.9 413.2C139.2 416.1 144.7 416.8 149.6 414.1L170.2 407.3C197.1 397.2 225.6 392 254.4 392H257.6C286.4 392 314.9 397.2 341.8 407.3L362.4 414.1C367.3 416.8 372.8 416.1 377.1 413.2C381.4 410.2 384 405.2 384 400C384 388.4 379.8 375.8 373.7 364.1C367.4 352.1 358.4 339.8 347.3 328.7C325.3 306.7 293.4 287.1 256 287.1C218.6 287.1 186.7 306.7 164.7 328.7C153.6 339.8 144.6 352.1 138.3 364.1H138.3zM133.5 146.7C125.6 142.4 116 148.2 116 157.1C116 159.9 116.1 162.6 118.8 164.8L154.8 208L118.8 251.2C116.1 253.4 116 256.1 116 258.9C116 267.8 125.6 273.6 133.5 269.3L223.4 221.4C234.1 215.7 234.1 200.3 223.4 194.6L133.5 146.7zM396 157.1C396 148.2 386.4 142.4 378.5 146.7L288.6 194.6C277.9 200.3 277.9 215.7 288.6 221.4L378.5 269.3C386.4 273.6 396 267.8 396 258.9C396 256.1 395 253.4 393.2 251.2L357.2 208L393.2 164.8C395 162.6 396 159.9 396 157.1V157.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-title-wrap\"><h3 class=\"uagb-ifb-title\">GNIEW<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-separator\"><\/div><p class=\"uagb-ifb-desc\">na przyk\u0142ad, gdy kto\u015b niesprawiedliwie nas os\u0105dza.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><em><strong>Rola emocji w \u017cyciu<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li> Emocje to reakcje fizyczne, kt\u00f3re odczuwamy w ciele, na przyk\u0142ad rado\u015b\u0107, smutek lub strach. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> My\u015bl to interpretacja sytuacji, na przyk\u0142ad \u201eNie b\u0119d\u0119 w stanie tego zrobi\u0107\u201d lub \u201eOn mnie nie lubi\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-ac00fda8 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\ufe0f My\u015bl: \u201eNikt mnie nie rozumie\u201d.<\/strong> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ufe0f Emocje: Smutek, uczucie osamotnienia.<\/strong> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\ufe0f Reakcja: Utrata apetytu lub ochota na co\u015b s\u0142odkiego w celu poprawy nastroju.<\/strong> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ludzie cz\u0119sto my\u015bl\u0105, \u017ce ich my\u015bli to emocje, na przyk\u0142ad: \u201eCzuj\u0119, \u017ce nie dam sobie z tym rady\u201d. Jednak w rzeczywisto\u015bci jest to my\u015bl \u2013 emocj\u0105 t\u0105 mo\u017ce by\u0107 strach przed pora\u017ck\u0105. <\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-1-color has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><strong><strong>AKTYWNO\u015a\u0106 INTERAKTYWNA 17<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-384\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"384\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"AKTYWNO\u015a\u0106 INTERAKTYWNA 17\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-223515cb wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"><path d=\"M381.2 150.3L524.9 171.5C536.8 173.2 546.8 181.6 550.6 193.1C554.4 204.7 551.3 217.3 542.7 225.9L438.5 328.1L463.1 474.7C465.1 486.7 460.2 498.9 450.2 506C440.3 513.1 427.2 514 416.5 508.3L288.1 439.8L159.8 508.3C149 514 135.9 513.1 126 506C116.1 498.9 111.1 486.7 113.2 474.7L137.8 328.1L33.58 225.9C24.97 217.3 21.91 204.7 25.69 193.1C29.46 181.6 39.43 173.2 51.42 171.5L195 150.3L259.4 17.97C264.7 6.954 275.9-.0391 288.1-.0391C300.4-.0391 311.6 6.954 316.9 17.97L381.2 150.3z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Badania nad zwi\u0105zkiem g\u0142odu ze stanem psychicznym przeprowadzano zazwyczaj w warunkach laboratoryjnych lub w\u015br\u00f3d os\u00f3b cierpi\u0105cych na zaburzenia od\u017cywiania. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rivaz i wsp. (2022) przeprowadzili eksperyment, aby zbada\u0107, jak g\u0142\u00f3d i jedzenie wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na codzienne emocje u ponad 700 doros\u0142ych. Przez tydzie\u0144 uczestnicy zg\u0142aszali sw\u00f3j poziom g\u0142odu, spo\u017cycie pokarmu i nastr\u00f3j cztery razy dziennie.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wyniki pokaza\u0142y, \u017ce g\u0142\u00f3d mo\u017ce zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 poczucie energii i aktywno\u015bci, a tak\u017ce poprawia\u0107 czujno\u015b\u0107. Osoby g\u0142odne zg\u0142asza\u0142y mniejsze ospa\u0142o\u015b\u0107 umys\u0142ow\u0105. Z drugiej strony, jedzenie sprawia\u0142o, \u017ce ludzie czuli si\u0119 bardziej aktywni w p\u00f3\u017aniejszych godzinach dnia.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Badanie wykaza\u0142o r\u00f3wnie\u017c, \u017ce emocje mog\u0105 wp\u0142ywa\u0107 na g\u0142\u00f3d: osoby, kt\u00f3re czu\u0142y si\u0119 energiczne, o\u017cywione lub niespokojne, mia\u0142y tendencj\u0119 do szybszego odczuwania g\u0142odu. Natomiast osoby, kt\u00f3re czu\u0142y si\u0119 rozproszone lub spowolnione umys\u0142owo, odczuwa\u0142y mniejszy g\u0142\u00f3d.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Co ciekawe, nie stwierdzono zwi\u0105zku mi\u0119dzy g\u0142odem a negatywnymi emocjami, takimi jak smutek, l\u0119k czy gniew. Sugeruje to, \u017ce g\u0142\u00f3d mo\u017ce mie\u0107 silniejszy wp\u0142yw na poziom naszej energii i aktywno\u015bci ni\u017c na negatywny nastr\u00f3j.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#e4493e;font-size:28px\"><strong>4.1. Kr\u00f3tka historia m\u00f3zgu emocjonalnego \u2013 teoria uk\u0142adu limbicznego<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-dab6e7ad alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-4b1724b5\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Ka\u017cdy organizm, nawet jednokom\u00f3rkowy, musi reagowa\u0107 na otoczenie, aby przetrwa\u0107. Na przyk\u0142ad bakterie przemieszczaj\u0105 si\u0119 w kierunku sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w od\u017cywczych, a oddalaj\u0105 od toksyn. W miar\u0119 post\u0119pu ewolucji organizmy wielokom\u00f3rkowe \u2013 zw\u0142aszcza te z uk\u0142adem nerwowym \u2013 rozwin\u0119\u0142y bardziej zaawansowane sposoby reagowania na otoczenie.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-37ad983a\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><em><strong>Jak rozwin\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 m\u00f3zg?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kr\u0119gowce (zwierz\u0119ta posiadaj\u0105ce kr\u0119gos\u0142up) maj\u0105 podobn\u0105 og\u00f3ln\u0105 struktur\u0119 m\u00f3zgu, sk\u0142adaj\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 z trzech g\u0142\u00f3wnych cz\u0119\u015bci:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-dc759087 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-dd094f84\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-info-box uagb-block-0722892b uagb-infobox__content-wrap  uagb-infobox-icon-above-title uagb-infobox-image-valign-top\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-content\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-icon-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M184 0C214.9 0 240 25.07 240 56V456C240 486.9 214.9 512 184 512C155.1 512 131.3 490.1 128.3 461.9C123.1 463.3 117.6 464 112 464C76.65 464 48 435.3 48 400C48 392.6 49.27 385.4 51.59 378.8C21.43 367.4 0 338.2 0 304C0 272.1 18.71 244.5 45.77 231.7C37.15 220.8 32 206.1 32 192C32 161.3 53.59 135.7 82.41 129.4C80.84 123.9 80 118 80 112C80 82.06 100.6 56.92 128.3 49.93C131.3 21.86 155.1 0 184 0zM383.7 49.93C411.4 56.92 432 82.06 432 112C432 118 431.2 123.9 429.6 129.4C458.4 135.7 480 161.3 480 192C480 206.1 474.9 220.8 466.2 231.7C493.3 244.5 512 272.1 512 304C512 338.2 490.6 367.4 460.4 378.8C462.7 385.4 464 392.6 464 400C464 435.3 435.3 464 400 464C394.4 464 388.9 463.3 383.7 461.9C380.7 490.1 356.9 512 328 512C297.1 512 272 486.9 272 456V56C272 25.07 297.1 0 328 0C356.9 0 380.7 21.86 383.7 49.93z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-title-wrap\"><h3 class=\"uagb-ifb-title\">M\u00f3\u017cd\u017cek<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"uagb-ifb-desc\">Odpowiada za podstawowe funkcje \u017cyciowe, takie jak oddychanie.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-618b3ad2\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-info-box uagb-block-55849a45 uagb-infobox__content-wrap  uagb-infobox-icon-above-title uagb-infobox-image-valign-top\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-content\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-icon-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M184 0C214.9 0 240 25.07 240 56V456C240 486.9 214.9 512 184 512C155.1 512 131.3 490.1 128.3 461.9C123.1 463.3 117.6 464 112 464C76.65 464 48 435.3 48 400C48 392.6 49.27 385.4 51.59 378.8C21.43 367.4 0 338.2 0 304C0 272.1 18.71 244.5 45.77 231.7C37.15 220.8 32 206.1 32 192C32 161.3 53.59 135.7 82.41 129.4C80.84 123.9 80 118 80 112C80 82.06 100.6 56.92 128.3 49.93C131.3 21.86 155.1 0 184 0zM383.7 49.93C411.4 56.92 432 82.06 432 112C432 118 431.2 123.9 429.6 129.4C458.4 135.7 480 161.3 480 192C480 206.1 474.9 220.8 466.2 231.7C493.3 244.5 512 272.1 512 304C512 338.2 490.6 367.4 460.4 378.8C462.7 385.4 464 392.6 464 400C464 435.3 435.3 464 400 464C394.4 464 388.9 463.3 383.7 461.9C380.7 490.1 356.9 512 328 512C297.1 512 272 486.9 272 456V56C272 25.07 297.1 0 328 0C356.9 0 380.7 21.86 383.7 49.93z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-title-wrap\"><h3 class=\"uagb-ifb-title\">\u015ar\u00f3dm\u00f3zgowie<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"uagb-ifb-desc\">Zajmuje si\u0119 przetwarzaniem bod\u017ac\u00f3w sensorycznych i kontrolowaniem ruchu.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c0368bfd\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-info-box uagb-block-0d8c8567 uagb-infobox__content-wrap  uagb-infobox-icon-above-title uagb-infobox-image-valign-top\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-content\"><div class=\"uagb-ifb-icon-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M184 0C214.9 0 240 25.07 240 56V456C240 486.9 214.9 512 184 512C155.1 512 131.3 490.1 128.3 461.9C123.1 463.3 117.6 464 112 464C76.65 464 48 435.3 48 400C48 392.6 49.27 385.4 51.59 378.8C21.43 367.4 0 338.2 0 304C0 272.1 18.71 244.5 45.77 231.7C37.15 220.8 32 206.1 32 192C32 161.3 53.59 135.7 82.41 129.4C80.84 123.9 80 118 80 112C80 82.06 100.6 56.92 128.3 49.93C131.3 21.86 155.1 0 184 0zM383.7 49.93C411.4 56.92 432 82.06 432 112C432 118 431.2 123.9 429.6 129.4C458.4 135.7 480 161.3 480 192C480 206.1 474.9 220.8 466.2 231.7C493.3 244.5 512 272.1 512 304C512 338.2 490.6 367.4 460.4 378.8C462.7 385.4 464 392.6 464 400C464 435.3 435.3 464 400 464C394.4 464 388.9 463.3 383.7 461.9C380.7 490.1 356.9 512 328 512C297.1 512 272 486.9 272 456V56C272 25.07 297.1 0 328 0C356.9 0 380.7 21.86 383.7 49.93z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"uagb-ifb-title-wrap\"><h3 class=\"uagb-ifb-title\">Przodom\u00f3zgowie<\/h3><\/div><p class=\"uagb-ifb-desc\">Najbardziej rozwini\u0119ta cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 m\u00f3zgu, zawieraj\u0105ca struktury odpowiedzialne za emocje, my\u015blenie i pami\u0119\u0107.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>R\u00f3\u017cnice w budowie m\u00f3zgu mi\u0119dzy gatunkami doprowadzi\u0142y w XX wieku do powstania teorii m\u00f3zgu tr\u00f3jdzielnego. Teoria ta zak\u0142ada\u0142a, \u017ce \u200b\u200bwraz z pojawieniem si\u0119 ssak\u00f3w przodom\u00f3zgowie uleg\u0142o znacznemu rozszerzeniu. Wyewoluowa\u0142y nowe struktury, takie jak kora nowa, kt\u00f3ra wspiera bardziej zaawansowane procesy umys\u0142owe \u2013 takie jak uczenie si\u0119, planowanie, a u ludzi tak\u017ce j\u0119zyk.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-e23e0ead alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-07bec41c\">\n<div data-aos= \"zoom-in\" data-aos-duration=\"400\" data-aos-delay=\"0\" data-aos-easing=\"ease\" data-aos-once=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-ef9bf491\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em><strong>Teoria uk\u0142adu limbicznego Paula MacLeana<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>W po\u0142owie XX wieku neurobiolog Paul MacLean zaproponowa\u0142 teori\u0119 zak\u0142adaj\u0105c\u0105, \u017ce m\u00f3zg sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z trzech warstw ewolucyjnych:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-994a74c8\">\n<p>1\ufe0f. M\u00f3zg gadzi \u2013 najstarsza ewolucyjnie cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 m\u00f3zgu, odpowiedzialna za podstawowe funkcje i instynktowne zachowania.  <br>2\ufe0f. M\u00f3zg paleossaczy (uk\u0142ad limbiczny) \u2013 odpowiedzialny za emocje.  <br>3\ufe0f. Nowa kora m\u00f3zgowa (m\u00f3zg wy\u017cszych ssak\u00f3w) \u2013 umo\u017cliwia racjonalne my\u015blenie i regulacj\u0119 emocji.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-8454dd5a alignwide uagb-is-root-container\">\n<p>Wed\u0142ug MacLeana uk\u0142ad limbiczny \u2013 obejmuj\u0105cy struktury takie jak cia\u0142o migda\u0142owate i hipokamp \u2013 pomaga nam odczuwa\u0107 i zapami\u0119tywa\u0107 emocje. Uwa\u017ca\u0142 on, \u017ce uk\u0142ad ten odgrywa kluczow\u0105 rol\u0119 w reakcjach emocjonalnych i \u0142\u0105czy je z zapachami i pami\u0119ci\u0105. MacLean argumentowa\u0142, \u017ce w toku ewolucji kora nowa stopniowo zacz\u0119\u0142a przejmowa\u0107 wi\u0119ksz\u0105 kontrol\u0119 nad emocjami, umo\u017cliwiaj\u0105c ludziom lepsze regulowanie swoich uczu\u0107 i podejmowanie racjonalnych decyzji.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Czy teoria MacLeana by\u0142a s\u0142uszna?<\/em> <\/strong><br>Chocia\u017c teoria uk\u0142adu limbicznego zyska\u0142a du\u017c\u0105 popularno\u015b\u0107 w latach 50. i 70. XX wieku, p\u00f3\u017aniejsze badania wykaza\u0142y, \u017ce nie jest ona do ko\u0144ca trafna. Oto g\u0142\u00f3wne powody, dla kt\u00f3rych wsp\u00f3\u0142cze\u015bni naukowcy odeszli od tego modelu:  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-7d5ed6a1 alignwide uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-50aca3b7\">      \n\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-icon-wrapper uagb-block-793d1148      \"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-svg-wrapper\" \n\t\t\t\t\t aria-label=\"1\"\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\">\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 256 512\" role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"false\" aria-label=\"\"><path d=\"M256 448c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32H32c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32s14.33-32 32-32h64V123.8L49.75 154.6C35.02 164.5 15.19 160.4 5.375 145.8C-4.422 131.1-.4531 111.2 14.25 101.4l96-64c9.828-6.547 22.45-7.187 32.84-1.594C153.5 41.37 160 52.22 160 64.01v352h64C241.7 416 256 430.3 256 448z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<p><strong>Struktury przypominaj\u0105ce uk\u0142ad limbiczny nie s\u0105 unikalne dla ssak\u00f3w.<\/strong><br>MacLean uwa\u017ca\u0142, \u017ce uk\u0142ad limbiczny jest unikalny dla ssak\u00f3w, ale badania wykaza\u0142y, \u017ce ptaki i gady r\u00f3wnie\u017c maj\u0105 podobne struktury \u2013<strong> na przyk\u0142ad<\/strong> odpowiedniki hipokampa i cia\u0142a migda\u0142owatego. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-dbae3cba\">      \n\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-icon-wrapper uagb-block-2054c17c      \"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-svg-wrapper\" \n\t\t\t\t\t aria-label=\"2\"\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\">\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 320 512\" role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"false\" aria-label=\"\"><path d=\"M320 448c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32H32c-13.08 0-24.83-7.953-29.7-20.09c-4.859-12.12-1.859-26 7.594-35.03l193.6-185.1c31.36-30.17 33.95-80 5.812-113.4c-14.91-17.69-35.86-28.12-58.97-29.38C127.4 95.83 105.3 103.9 88.53 119.9L53.52 151.7c-13.08 11.91-33.33 10.89-45.2-2.172C-3.563 136.5-2.594 116.2 10.48 104.3l34.45-31.3c28.67-27.34 68.39-42.11 108.9-39.88c40.33 2.188 78.39 21.16 104.4 52.03c49.8 59.05 45.2 147.3-10.45 200.8l-136 130H288C305.7 416 320 430.3 320 448z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<p><strong>Hipokamp nie jest w g\u0142\u00f3wnej mierze odpowiedzialny za emocje.<\/strong><br>MacLean uwa\u017ca\u0142 hipokamp za centralny element przetwarzania emocji. Jednak obecne badania pokazuj\u0105, \u017ce jego g\u0142\u00f3wn\u0105 rol\u0105 jest pami\u0119\u0107 i orientacja przestrzenna. Jego wp\u0142yw na emocje jest znacznie mniejszy, ni\u017c wcze\u015bniej s\u0105dzono.   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-ff874e50\">      \n\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-icon-wrapper uagb-block-fc841240      \"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-svg-wrapper\" \n\t\t\t\t\t aria-label=\"3\"\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\">\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 320 512\" role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"false\" aria-label=\"\"><path d=\"M320 344c0 74.98-61.02 136-136 136H103.6c-46.34 0-87.31-29.53-101.1-73.48c-5.594-16.77 3.484-34.88 20.25-40.47c16.75-5.609 34.89 3.484 40.47 20.25c5.922 17.77 22.48 29.7 41.23 29.7H184c39.7 0 72-32.3 72-72s-32.3-72-72-72H80c-13.2 0-25.05-8.094-29.83-20.41C45.39 239.3 48.66 225.3 58.38 216.4l131.4-120.4H32c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32s14.33-32 32-32h240c13.2 0 25.05 8.094 29.83 20.41c4.781 12.3 1.516 26.27-8.203 35.19l-131.4 120.4H184C258.1 208 320 269 320 344z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<p><strong>The limbic system does not function as a single unified system. <\/strong><br>Teoria MacLeana zak\u0142ada\u0142a, \u017ce \u200b\u200buk\u0142ad limbiczny jest sp\u00f3jn\u0105 jednostk\u0105 odpowiedzialn\u0105 za emocje. W rzeczywisto\u015bci emocje nie s\u0105 kontrolowane przez pojedynczy obszar m\u00f3zgu, lecz przez sie\u0107 region\u00f3w wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuj\u0105cych ze sob\u0105 \u2013 w tym kor\u0119 now\u0105.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a768bcf3\">      \n\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-icon-wrapper uagb-block-d35ceedd      \"\n\t\t\tstyle=\"\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-svg-wrapper\" \n\t\t\t\t\t aria-label=\"4\"\t\t\t\t\ttabindex=\"0\">\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox= \"0 0 384 512\" role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"false\" aria-label=\"\"><path d=\"M384 334.2c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32h-32v81.78c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32s-32-14.33-32-32v-81.78H32c-10.97 0-21.17-5.625-27.05-14.89c-5.859-9.266-6.562-20.89-1.875-30.81l128-270.2C138.6 34.33 157.8 27.56 173.7 35.09c15.97 7.562 22.78 26.66 15.22 42.63L82.56 302.2H256V160c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32s32 14.33 32 32v142.2h32C369.7 302.2 384 316.6 384 334.2z\"><\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<p><strong>Nowa kora m\u00f3zgowa odpowiada zar\u00f3wno za my\u015blenie, jak i emocje. <\/strong><br>MacLean zasugerowa\u0142, \u017ce kora nowa odpowiada g\u0142\u00f3wnie za my\u015blenie racjonalne, podczas gdy emocje s\u0105 kontrolowane przez starsze obszary m\u00f3zgu. Jednak obecne badania pokazuj\u0105, \u017ce kora nowa odgrywa r\u00f3wnie\u017c rol\u0119 w procesach emocjonalnych \u2013 na przyk\u0142ad pomagaj\u0105c regulowa\u0107 i interpretowa\u0107 reakcje emocjonalne.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-5a02ed0d alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><em><em><strong>Jak dzisiaj rozumiemy emocje w m\u00f3zgu?<\/strong><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-764e2b4e\">\n<p>Dzi\u015b naukowcy nie pr\u00f3buj\u0105 ju\u017c wyja\u015bnia\u0107 emocji za pomoc\u0105 jednego \u201esystemu emocjonalnego\u201d, jak proponuje teoria uk\u0142adu limbicznego. Zamiast tego badaj\u0105 konkretne emocje i ich mechanizmy w m\u00f3zgu. Ka\u017cda emocja anga\u017cuje inne struktury m\u00f3zgu, a ich interakcje s\u0105 znacznie bardziej z\u0142o\u017cone, ni\u017c wcze\u015bniej s\u0105dzono.   <br>Uk\u0142ad limbiczny odegra\u0142 wa\u017cn\u0105 rol\u0119 we wczesnych badaniach nad emocjami, ale nie jest on wy\u0142\u0105cznie odpowiedzialny za ich powstawanie. Obecnie wiemy, \u017ce emocje powstaj\u0105 w wyniku wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy wielu obszar\u00f3w m\u00f3zgu, a ich regulacja jest bardziej z\u0142o\u017cona, ni\u017c zak\u0142ada\u0142a pierwotna teoria. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-93776615\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#e4493e;font-size:28px\"><strong>4.2.  <strong>Jedzenie emocjonalne kontra g\u0142\u00f3d fizyczny<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><em><strong>Jak dzisiaj rozumiemy emocje w m\u00f3zgu?<\/strong><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nie zawsze jemy z powodu fizycznego g\u0142odu. Czasami si\u0119gamy po jedzenie z innych powod\u00f3w \u2013 na przyk\u0142ad emocjonalnych. G\u0142\u00f3d fizyczny to naturalny sygna\u0142 organizmu, \u017ce potrzebuje energii, podczas gdy g\u0142\u00f3d emocjonalny jest nap\u0119dzany naszymi uczuciami i nastrojem.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Najwa\u017cniejsze r\u00f3\u017cnice przedstawia poni\u017csza tabela. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><table class=\"has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-ast-global-color-4-border-color has-fixed-layout\" style=\"color:#344714;background-color:#f4fbe6;border-width:2px\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Funkcja<\/strong> <\/th><th><strong>G\u0142\u00f3d fizyczny<\/strong> <\/th><th><strong>G\u0142\u00f3d emocjonalny<\/strong> <\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Rozwija si\u0119 stopniowo? <\/td><td>\u2705 Tak <\/td><td>\u274c Nie \u2013 pojawia si\u0119 nagle <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Felt as stomach contractions? <\/td><td>\u2705 Tak <\/td><td>\u274c Nie <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Znika po normalnym posi\u0142ku? <\/td><td>\u2705 Tak <\/td><td>\u274c Nie \u2013 nadal chcesz je\u015b\u0107 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Masz ochot\u0119 na konkretne rodzaje jedzenia? <\/td><td>\u274c No \u2013 you eat what&#8217;s available <\/td><td>\u2705 Tak \u2013 g\u0142\u00f3wnie s\u0142odycze, fast foody <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A potem poczucie winy po jedzeniu? <\/td><td>\u274c Nie <\/td><td>\u2705 Tak <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regulowane przez cia\u0142o? <\/td><td>\u2705 Tak \u2013 kontrolowane przez m\u00f3zg i hormony g\u0142odu <\/td><td>\u274c Nie \u2013 kierujemy si\u0119 emocjami <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Je\u015bli naprawd\u0119 jeste\u015b g\u0142odny, b\u0119dziesz m\u00f3g\u0142 zje\u015b\u0107 zdrowy posi\u0142ek, np. kanapk\u0119 lub sa\u0142atk\u0119. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Je\u015bli jest to g\u0142\u00f3d emocjonalny, masz ochot\u0119 na co\u015b konkretnego, np. czekolad\u0119 lub chipsy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-29a7c77a alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c05c64c6\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-47422a27\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:46% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/gc0fa3dc25c8511b2ab1b6ea180b83d9750095a26684308a1b7cf4e30708addd5a0ba167e52cdfb021b6033c448cc58d3d5c2c45e82df58bfb256e4c5e2a53c43_1280-5376971-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"wega\u0144ski, zupa, posi\u0142ek, zdrowy, ro\u015bliny str\u0105czkowe, jedzenie, warzywa, wegetaria\u0144ski, lunch, pyszny, gotowanie, od\u017cywianie, \u015bwie\u017cy, danie, wega\u0144ski Bahrajn\" class=\"wp-image-680 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/gc0fa3dc25c8511b2ab1b6ea180b83d9750095a26684308a1b7cf4e30708addd5a0ba167e52cdfb021b6033c448cc58d3d5c2c45e82df58bfb256e4c5e2a53c43_1280-5376971-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/gc0fa3dc25c8511b2ab1b6ea180b83d9750095a26684308a1b7cf4e30708addd5a0ba167e52cdfb021b6033c448cc58d3d5c2c45e82df58bfb256e4c5e2a53c43_1280-5376971-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/gc0fa3dc25c8511b2ab1b6ea180b83d9750095a26684308a1b7cf4e30708addd5a0ba167e52cdfb021b6033c448cc58d3d5c2c45e82df58bfb256e4c5e2a53c43_1280-5376971-75x100.jpg 75w, https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/gc0fa3dc25c8511b2ab1b6ea180b83d9750095a26684308a1b7cf4e30708addd5a0ba167e52cdfb021b6033c448cc58d3d5c2c45e82df58bfb256e4c5e2a53c43_1280-5376971.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><strong>G\u0142\u00f3d fizyczny rozwija si\u0119 stopniowo, jest zwi\u0105zany z rzeczywistymi potrzebami organizmu i ust\u0119puje po spo\u017cyciu posi\u0142ku.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-3c7aceb8\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-23ac22ef\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:60% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"650\" src=\"https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pexels-photo-9201333-9201333.jpg\" alt=\"Pyszny cheeseburger podawany z chrupi\u0105cymi frytkami i sosem do maczania na drewnianej desce.\" class=\"wp-image-682 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pexels-photo-9201333-9201333.jpg 650w, https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pexels-photo-9201333-9201333-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pexels-photo-9201333-9201333-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.moodbites.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pexels-photo-9201333-9201333-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><strong><strong>Emotional hunger appears suddenly, creates cravings for specific foods, and is not related to a physical need.<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><em><em><strong>Teorie jedzenia emocjonalnego \u2013 jak emocje wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na to, co jemy<\/strong><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Naukowcy wyr\u00f3\u017cniaj\u0105 trzy g\u0142\u00f3wne podej\u015bcia wyja\u015bniaj\u0105ce, dlaczego ludzie jedz\u0105 w odpowiedzi na emocje. Ka\u017cde z nich koncentruje si\u0119 na innym mechanizmie (Reichenberger i in., 2020):<br>1\ufe0f. Percepcja sygna\u0142\u00f3w cielesnych (interocepcja)<br>2\ufe0f. Procesy poznawcze<br>3\ufe0f. Uczenie si\u0119 na podstawie przesz\u0142ych do\u015bwiadcze\u0144     <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-d937cef0 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-4a8a294c\">\n<p><strong><em>1. Teoria psychosomatyczna \u2013 mylenie emocji z g\u0142odem<\/em><\/strong><br>Zgodnie z t\u0105 teori\u0105, niekt\u00f3re osoby maj\u0105 trudno\u015bci z precyzyjnym rozpoznawaniem sygna\u0142\u00f3w p\u0142yn\u0105cych z cia\u0142a. Oznacza to, \u017ce mog\u0105 myli\u0107 stany emocjonalne z fizycznym g\u0142odem. Na przyk\u0142ad, gdy odczuwaj\u0105 stres, smutek lub l\u0119k, ich cia\u0142o reaguje napi\u0119ciem, kt\u00f3re interpretuj\u0105 jako g\u0142\u00f3d \u2013 co prowadzi do jedzenia (Reichenberger i in., 2020).   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c44db356\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-34cfad171e9453fd18a2dae9229852ec\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<br>Maria odczuwa stres przed egzaminem. Zamiast u\u015bwiadomi\u0107 sobie, \u017ce jest spi\u0119ta i niespokojna, my\u015bli, \u017ce jest g\u0142odna i si\u0119ga po tabliczk\u0119 czekolady. Kiedy\u015b u\u017cywano tego okre\u015blenia do wyja\u015bnienia oty\u0142o\u015bci, ale dzi\u015b naukowcy zgadzaj\u0105 si\u0119, \u017ce nie do ko\u0144ca wyja\u015bnia ono to zjawisko. Jednak temat \u015bwiadomo\u015bci sygna\u0142\u00f3w cia\u0142a nadal odgrywa wa\u017cn\u0105 rol\u0119 w badaniach nad \u017cywieniem.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-02ad42d0 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-f2548c65\">\n<p><strong><em>2. Teoria pow\u015bci\u0105gliwo\u015bci \u2013 sztywne zasady prowadz\u0105 do przejadania si\u0119<\/em><\/strong><br>Teoria ta sugeruje, \u017ce osoby stosuj\u0105ce bardzo restrykcyjne diety s\u0105 bardziej podatne na epizody objadania si\u0119 pod wp\u0142ywem emocji. Kiedy kto\u015b zabrania sobie jedzenia pewnych produkt\u00f3w (np. \u201eNigdy nie jem czekolady\u201d), a nast\u0119pnie \u0142amie t\u0119 zasad\u0119, mo\u017ce pomy\u015ble\u0107: \u201eJu\u017c ponios\u0142em pora\u017ck\u0119, wi\u0119c r\u00f3wnie dobrze mog\u0119 je\u015b\u0107 wi\u0119cej\u201d. Jest to znane jako efekt \u201eco do cholery\u201d (Reichenberger i in., 2020).  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-467f0152\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e7a980ef3c653c992dd15f9e0d7d75ef\"><strong>Example: <br><strong>Tomek decided to avoid sweets. However, at his friend\u2019s birthday party, he ate a piece of cake. Instead of stopping there, he thought, \u201cSince I\u2019ve already had sweets, I might as well eat the whole pack of cookies.\u201d<\/strong> <strong>Emotions can weaken control over such rules, which is why people who follow overly strict diets often struggle to maintain them in the long term.<\/strong><\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c1485dd3 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a79678cc\">\n<p><strong><em>3. Teoria uczenia si\u0119 \u2013 jedzenie jako nagroda dla m\u00f3zgu<\/em><\/strong><br>Teoria ta wyja\u015bnia, \u017ce \u200b\u200bjedzenie mo\u017ce sta\u0107 si\u0119 sposobem na popraw\u0119 nastroju. Je\u015bli kto\u015b z w\u0142asnego do\u015bwiadczenia wie, \u017ce na przyk\u0142ad czekolada poprawia mu nastr\u00f3j, jego m\u00f3zg zaczyna kojarzy\u0107 negatywne emocje z jedzeniem. W rezultacie, gdy w przysz\u0142o\u015bci poczuje si\u0119 smutny lub zestresowany, mo\u017ce automatycznie si\u0119gn\u0105\u0107 po jedzenie \u2013 nawet je\u015bli fizycznie nie b\u0119dzie g\u0142odny.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Jak to dzia\u0142a? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li> Za ka\u017cdym razem, gdy jemy co\u015b smacznego, m\u00f3zg otrzymuje sygna\u0142: \u201eto jest przyjemne!\u201d <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Je\u015bli zjemy co\u015b w stresuj\u0105cym momencie, negatywne uczucie chwilowo znika. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u00f3zg uczy si\u0119, \u017ce jedzenie pomaga \u201epokona\u0107\u201d stres, wi\u0119c gdy nast\u0119pnym razem zdarzy si\u0119 podobna sytuacja, sk\u0142ania nas to do si\u0119gni\u0119cia po przek\u0105sk\u0119 (Reichenberger i in., 2020). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-bc933928\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-ea4b1028e75b39ca1b599b6e56fe23b8\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<br>Po trudnym dniu w szkole Kasia zawsze je lody. W rezultacie jej m\u00f3zg zaczyna kojarzy\u0107 lody z lepszym samopoczuciem i nast\u0119pnym razem, gdy poczuje si\u0119 smutna, automatycznie b\u0119dzie mia\u0142a na nie ochot\u0119.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-66a735ff60ece397ecbbdf16463537f2\"><strong>To wyja\u015bnia, dlaczego tak trudno jest pozby\u0107 si\u0119 nawyku jedzenia pod wp\u0142ywem emocji \u2013 m\u00f3zg przyzwyczaja si\u0119 bowiem do nagrody, jak\u0105 daje smaczne jedzenie.<\/strong> <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><em><strong>Czy jedzenie pod wp\u0142ywem emocji ma zwi\u0105zek z hormonami?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Niekt\u00f3re teorie wskazuj\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c na rol\u0119 hormon\u00f3w w jedzeniu emocjonalnym. Stres powoduje zmiany poziomu kortyzolu, insuliny i glukozy, co mo\u017ce wp\u0142ywa\u0107 na apetyt. Niekt\u00f3re sk\u0142adniki od\u017cywcze mog\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wp\u0142ywa\u0107 na substancje chemiczne w m\u00f3zgu, kt\u00f3re poprawiaj\u0105 nastr\u00f3j, co pomaga wyja\u015bni\u0107, dlaczego jedzenie mo\u017ce przynosi\u0107 chwilow\u0105 ulg\u0119 (Reichenberger i in., 2020).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-2107303a alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color\"><strong>Przyk\u0142ad:<br>Czekolada zawiera zwi\u0105zki, kt\u00f3re zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105 poziom serotoniny \u2013 \u201ehormonu szcz\u0119\u015bcia\u201d. Dlatego wiele os\u00f3b si\u0119ga po ni\u0105, gdy czuje si\u0119 smutno.  <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-1-color has-ast-global-color-5-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><strong><strong>AKTYWNO\u015a\u0106 INTERAKTYWNA 18<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-385\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"385\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"\u0106WICZENIE 18 \u2013 MODU\u0141 2\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-eaaf612a wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"><path d=\"M381.2 150.3L524.9 171.5C536.8 173.2 546.8 181.6 550.6 193.1C554.4 204.7 551.3 217.3 542.7 225.9L438.5 328.1L463.1 474.7C465.1 486.7 460.2 498.9 450.2 506C440.3 513.1 427.2 514 416.5 508.3L288.1 439.8L159.8 508.3C149 514 135.9 513.1 126 506C116.1 498.9 111.1 486.7 113.2 474.7L137.8 328.1L33.58 225.9C24.97 217.3 21.91 204.7 25.69 193.1C29.46 181.6 39.43 173.2 51.42 171.5L195 150.3L259.4 17.97C264.7 6.954 275.9-.0391 288.1-.0391C300.4-.0391 311.6 6.954 316.9 17.97L381.2 150.3z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><em>Dlaczego jemy, gdy jeste\u015bmy smutni, znudzeni lub zestresowani?<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Emotions influence the way we eat. Food often serves as a coping mechanism for emotions rather than a response to the body\u2019s physiological needs. How do different emotions affect our eating behaviour?   <br>\u2714\ufe0f Smutek \u2013 cz\u0119sto prowadzi do ochoty na s\u0142odycze i pokarmy bogate w w\u0119glowodany, kt\u00f3re chwilowo poprawiaj\u0105 nastr\u00f3j. <br>\u2714\ufe0f Nuda \u2013 cz\u0119sto wywo\u0142uje \u201ejedzenie, \u017ceby mie\u0107 co\u015b do roboty\u201d, nawet gdy organizm nie potrzebuje kalorii. <br>\u2714\ufe0f Rado\u015b\u0107 \u2013 mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do objadania si\u0119 w sytuacjach towarzyskich i podczas uroczysto\u015bci, co czasami mo\u017ce skutkowa\u0107 przejadaniem si\u0119. <br>\u2714\ufe0f Z\u0142o\u015b\u0107 \u2013 mo\u017ce powodowa\u0107 impulsywne jedzenie, przy niewielkiej kontroli nad ilo\u015bci\u0105 spo\u017cywanego jedzenia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Desmet i Schifferstein (2008) scharakteryzowali szereg emocji, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 by\u0107 zwi\u0105zane ze spo\u017cyciem jedzenia. Naukowcy zidentyfikowali \u0142\u0105cznie 22 emocje, z kt\u00f3rych cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 ma charakter pozytywny, a cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 negatywny. Szczeg\u00f3\u0142owy opis tych emocji zwi\u0105zanych z jedzeniem przedstawiono w poni\u017cszej tabeli.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-b789aa29 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p><strong>Emocje zwi\u0105zane ze spo\u017cyciem \u017cywno\u015bci<\/strong>. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o: Desmet &amp; Schifferstein (2008)  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-ast-global-color-7-background-color has-background has-border-color has-ast-global-color-4-border-color has-fixed-layout\" style=\"border-width:2px\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Pozytywne emocje<\/strong> <\/td><td><strong>Przyk\u0142ad<\/strong> <\/td><td><strong>Negatywne emocje<\/strong> <\/td><td><strong>Przyk\u0142ad<\/strong> <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Zadowolenie<\/strong> <\/td><td>Uczucie syto\u015bci po jedzeniu. <\/td><td><strong>Nuda<\/strong> <\/td><td>Zwi\u0105zane z monotonn\u0105 diet\u0105 lub jedzeniem z nud\u00f3w. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Przyjemno\u015b\u0107<\/strong> <\/td><td>Zwykle kojarzone ze spo\u017cywaniem s\u0142odyczy. <\/td><td><strong>Rozczarowanie<\/strong> <\/td><td>Kiedy smak jedzenia r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 od tego, kt\u00f3rego si\u0119 spodziewali\u015bmy. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pragnienie<\/strong> <\/td><td>Cz\u0119sto zwi\u0105zane z wygl\u0105dem i smakiem jedzenia. <\/td><td><strong>Brak satysfakcji<\/strong> <\/td><td>Najcz\u0119\u015bciej kojarzone z jedzeniem spo\u017cywanym poza domem (np. w restauracji), kt\u00f3rego jako\u015b\u0107 jest ni\u017csza od oczekiwa\u0144. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Zabawa<\/strong> <\/td><td>Cz\u0119sto \u0142\u0105czone z aspektem spo\u0142ecznym jedzenia. <\/td><td><strong>Niesmak<\/strong> <\/td><td>Mo\u017cna je odczuwa\u0107 w przypadku konkretnych produkt\u00f3w spo\u017cywczych (np. podrob\u00f3w). <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Podziw<\/strong> <\/td><td>Ulubiony smak zwi\u0119ksza cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 spo\u017cycia. <\/td><td><strong>Niemi\u0142a niespodzianka<\/strong> <\/td><td>Cz\u0119sto w kontek\u015bcie nieoczekiwanie z\u0142ego smaku lub niskiej jako\u015bci (np. zepsute jedzenie). <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Podniecenie<\/strong> <\/td><td>Zwykle kojarzone z \u017cywno\u015bci\u0105 dodaj\u0105c\u0105 energii (np. jab\u0142kami) lub kofein\u0105. <\/td><td><strong>Wstyd<\/strong> <\/td><td>Zwi\u0105zane z niew\u0142a\u015bciwym zachowaniem \u017cywieniowym (np. nieprawid\u0142owe spo\u017cywanie makaronu lub homara). <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pleasant Surprise<\/strong> <\/td><td>Odkrywanie niespodziewanie dobrego smaku. <\/td><td><strong>Pogarda<\/strong> <\/td><td>Odczuwane w zwi\u0105zku z okre\u015blonymi nawykami \u017cywieniowymi (np. spo\u017cywanie mi\u0119sa lub niezdrowej \u017cywno\u015bci). <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ulga<\/strong> <\/td><td>Picie czego\u015b orze\u017awiaj\u0105cego, gdy jest si\u0119 bardzo spragnionym (np. w upalny dzie\u0144). <\/td><td><strong>Strach<\/strong> <\/td><td>Cz\u0119sto powi\u0105zane z now\u0105 lub nietypow\u0105 \u017cywno\u015bci\u0105 lub problemami bezpiecze\u0144stwa \u017cywno\u015bci. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Podziw<\/strong> <\/td><td>Podziw dla szefa kuchni ze wzgl\u0119du na walory sensoryczne dania. <\/td><td><strong>Smutek<\/strong> <\/td><td>Zwi\u0105zane z jedzeniem spo\u017cywanym w chwilach smutku. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Mie\u0107 nadziej\u0119<\/strong> <\/td><td>Cz\u0119sto kojarzone ze s\u0142odyczami lub wizualn\u0105 atrakcyjno\u015bci\u0105 potrawy. <\/td><td><strong>Gniew<\/strong> <\/td><td>Odczuwalne, gdy pomimo du\u017cego wysi\u0142ku jedzenie nie wychodzi takie, jakiego oczekiwano. <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Duma<\/strong> <\/td><td>Duma z przygotowania dania, kt\u00f3re by\u0142o skomplikowane lub czasoch\u0142onne. <\/td><td><strong>Zazdro\u015b\u0107<\/strong> <\/td><td>Zazdro\u015b\u0107 o innych spo\u017cywaj\u0105cych ekskluzywne produkty (np. kawior). <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><strong><em>Dlaczego jemy inaczej w zale\u017cno\u015bci od naszych emocji?<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kiedy czujemy si\u0119 smutni, cz\u0119sto szukamy pocieszenia w jedzeniu \u2013 dlatego mamy tendencj\u0119 do wybierania s\u0142odyczy i fast food\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re powoduj\u0105 szybkie wydzielanie dopaminy (\u201ehormonu szcz\u0119\u015bcia\u201d). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kiedy czujemy rado\u015b\u0107, jedzenie staje si\u0119 cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 celebracji, cz\u0119sto w sytuacjach towarzyskich, co mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do spo\u017cywania wi\u0119kszych porcji. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kiedy jeste\u015bmy zestresowani, organizm uruchamia reakcj\u0119 \u201ewalcz lub uciekaj\u201d \u2013 u niekt\u00f3rych os\u00f3b mo\u017ce to hamowa\u0107 apetyt, a u innych zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 ochot\u0119 na niezdrowe jedzenie. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-background has-border-color has-ast-global-color-4-border-color has-fixed-layout\" style=\"background-color:#e9f3d9;border-width:2px\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Odniesienia<\/strong>  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>de Rivaz, R., Swendsen, J., Berthoz, S., Husky, M., Merikangas, K. i Marques-Vidal, P. (2022). Zwi\u0105zki mi\u0119dzy g\u0142odem a efektami psychologicznymi: badanie oceny ekologicznej na du\u017c\u0105 skal\u0119. <em>Nutrients<\/em>, 14(23), 5167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14235167<br>Reichenberger, J., Schnepper, R., Arend, A. K. i Blechert, J. (2020). Jedzenie emocjonalne u os\u00f3b zdrowych i pacjent\u00f3w z zaburzeniami od\u017cywiania: dowody z bada\u0144 psychometrycznych, eksperymentalnych i naturalistycznych. <em>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society<\/em>, 79(3), 290\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0029665120007004<br>Desmet, P. i Schifferstein, H. (2008). \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142a pozytywnych i negatywnych emocji w do\u015bwiadczeniu kulinarnym. Apetyt, 50(2\u20133), 290\u2013301.      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2007.08.003\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_initial_content":"","_new_post":false,"footnotes":"","_quiz_has_questions":false,"_lesson_complexity":"easy","_lesson_length":10,"_lesson_course":1171,"_lesson_preview":""},"lesson-tag":[],"class_list":["post-1189","lesson","type-lesson","status-publish","hentry","module-modul-2","post"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>4. 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